Name and Link	Type of Resource	Description

Bollier, David. Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth. Routledge, Inc 2003. Link to bookseller	Wide ranging survey of contemporary issues. and online article	Market culture has convinced us that everything is better off owned by companies, not citizens. Land, scholarly research, internet protocols, life-saving medical discoveries, and the very DNA of plants and animals - rather than stay in the hands of the people, its all being sold off on the cheap. Its the difference between Linux and Windows and its a battle that could shape countless areas of American life. There are resources that belong to all of use, yet they are being given away to companies with anything but the common interest in mind. Where was the public outcry, or the government intervention, when these were happening? The answers are alarming. Private corporations are consuming the resources that the American people collectively own at a staggering rate, and the government is not protecting the commons on our behalf. In Silent Theft , David Bollier exposes the audacious attempts of companies to appropriate medical breakthroughs, public airwaves, outer space, state research, and even the DNA of plants and animals. Amazingly, these abuses often go unnoticed, Bollier argues, because we have lost our ability to see the commons. Publicly funded technological innovations create common wealth (cell phone airwaves, internet addresses, gene sequences) at blinding speed, while an economic atmosphere of deregulation and privatization ensures they will be quickly bought and sold. In an age of market triumphalism, does the notion of the commons have any practical meaning? Crisp and revelatory, Silent Theft is a bold attempt to develop a new language of the commons, a new ethos of commonwealth in the face of a market ethic that knows no bounds.
Bollier, David. The Enclosure of the Academic Commons, American Association of University Professors Sept/Oct 2002. Available online here and here	Paper on specific issue	Asserts that although the new proprietary ethic within universities may produce certain useful results (chiefly for a handful of research institutions and their corporate sponsors), this growing market ethic is beginning to eclipse the long-standing presumption that scholarship should be open, collaborative, and public.
Brown, James Robert, Privatizing the University--the New Tragedy of the Commons Science 1 December 2000: Vol. 290. no. 5497, pp. 1701 – 1702 Available online here	Paper on specific issue	-
Lindenschmidt, James W., From Virtual Commons To Virtual Enclosures: Revolution and Counter-Revolution In The Information Age, The Commoner N.9 - Spring/Summer 2004 Available online here	Paper on specific issue	-
Perelman, M. The Political Economy of Intellectual Property, Monthly Revue Jan (2003) Available online here	Paper on specific issue	-
James Boyle The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind Yale University Press (30 Jan 2009) Link to bookseller	Book	"In this enlightening book James Boyle describes what he calls the range wars of the information age - today's heated battles over intellectual property. Boyle argues that just as every informed citizen needs to know at least something about the environment or civil rights, every citizen should also understand intellectual property law. Why? Because intellectual property rights mark out the ground rules of the information society, and today's policies are unbalanced, unsupported by evidence, and often detrimental to cultural access, free speech, digital creativity, and scientific innovation.Boyle identifies as a major problem the widespread failure to understand the importance of the public domain - the realm of material that everyone is free to use and share without permission or fee. The public domain is as vital to innovation and culture as the realm of material protected by intellectual property rights, he asserts, and he calls for a movement akin to the environmental movement to preserve it. With a clear analysis of issues ranging from Jefferson's philosophy of innovation to musical sampling, synthetic biology and Internet file sharing, this timely book brings a positive new perspective to important cultural and legal debates. If we continue to enclose the 'commons of the mind', Boyle argues, we will all be the poorer."
The Commoner. An online journal which focuses on this topic. Index of issues	Numerous papers by various authors on the theme of the modern enclosure of "the commons"	In the beginning there is the doing, the social flow of human interaction and creativity, and the doing is imprisoned by the deed, and the deed wants to dominate the doing and life, and the doing is turned into work, and people into things. Thus the world is crazy, and revolts are also practices of hope. This journal is about living in a world in which the doing is separated from the deed, in which this separation is extended in an increasing numbers of spheres of life, in which the revolt about this separation is ubiquitous. Editor: Massimo De Angelis
Ana Isla, Dispossessing the Local Commons by Credit: The Struggle To Reclaim Them Available online here	Paper on specific issue	-
Gift Economy Website Index to resources available here	Various papers, from a feminist perspective, which promote the "gift economy" alternative to enclosure.	Extract: The institutions and social structures that are common in society seem to be based on domination, competition, and egotism, not on nurturing. The shift in perspective offered here is to review everything in terms of nurturing, or to phrase it another way, in terms of gift giving. The thread of gift giving and receiving begins in every life in the unilateral need satisfaction provided by mothers. As time goes on in the individual life and in the existence of institutions and social structures, this thread is altered, turned back upon itself, moved to different levels, used for domination, used metaphorically. The thesis here is that almost everything from nature to culture can be viewed as gift-giving in some form.....Our present economic system is based upon exchange. Exchange is at odds with gift giving. The competition which is characteristic of Capitalism pushes the exchange way against the gift way. In fact two paradigms or worldviews are formed, one based on exchange and the other on gift giving. Read complete introduction here
The New Enclosures (Midnight Notes 10). Index to papers on this theme available here.	Various papers.	Several papers on the application of the "enclosures" concept. Read complete introduction here
Hardin, Garrett (1968) ‘The tragedy of the commons’, Science, 162: 1243–1248 available here.	Much cited paper,in support of enclosures
Monbiot, George, The Tragedy of Enclosure. Scientific American, January 1994 available here.	Critique of Hardin's paper
The Tragedy of the Commons, Various articles in Special Issue of Science Magazine available here.	Various papers.	On 13 December 1968, the late Garrett Hardin published an essay in Science that was destined to become one of the journal's most requested articles in the subsequent 35 years. Below, we feature links to the original essay, and some of the scientific dialogue that Hardin's controversial ideas have spurred, as played out in the pages of Science.
Harvie, D. (2000) Alienation, class and enclosure in UK universities. Capital and Class, 71: 103–132 Available online here (requires instititutional or individual subscription)	Paper on specific issue	A 'research-bourgeois' revolution in UK higher education is seeing research use-values subordinated to RAE-value. Research workers are becoming alienated from their work. With the enclosure of 'intellectual commons', some research workers are being forced to alienate their own research-labour-power as two new classes are emerging within academia, a 'research proletariat' and a class of 'research capitalists'.